Martens, Adolf
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Martens, Adolf Karl Gottfried
Biography
| Image: | Adolf Martens |
Adolf Karl Gottfried Martens (6 March 1850–24 July 1914) was a German materials scientist, materials tester, metallurgist and engineer.
MARTENS studied mechanical engineering, was appointed professor at the Technical University in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1879 and became director of the Materials Testing Agency (Materialprüfamt) in Berlin-Dahlem in 1884. He is regarded as the founder of the Royal Materials Testing Agency, from which today’s (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, BAM) emerged. MARTENS was a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. In addition to his duties as head of the Materials Testing Agency, he made significant contributions to the development of the scientific discipline of ‘materials testing’, which in part also bears his name:
- In 2003, the universal hardness scale was renamed the MARTENS hardness scale.
- He examined fracture surfaces and polished surfaces and developed special etching techniques to reveal the specific features of the microstructure.
- The tetragonally distorted body-centred lattice formed during the rapid cooling of steel is named Martensite in his honour. Martensite formation is used to harden steel.
- Development and construction of a reflected-light microscope for metallography.
- The method for measuring the scratch hardness of non-metals is known as MARTENS scratch hardness.
- Flash point of flammable liquids according to PENSKY-MARTENS
- MARTENS method for determining the heat resistance of plastics
Martens published his extensive findings on materials technology and testing in the *Handbuch der Materialkunde* [1, 2]. Urban summarises in [3] that the name of Adolf Martens is inextricably linked to the emergence of mechanical materials testing as well as the examination of the microstructure of materials using the light microscope. It was Adolf Martens who paved the way for the microscope to be used as an instrument for analysing metal microstructures. To this end, he developed and constructed a new microscope in which the metal sample was illuminated at an angle and the magnified microstructure could be directly imaged onto a photographic plate. The examination of the microstructure of metals using the light microscope – metallography – has since become one of the most important fields of materials testing. More recently, the term ‘materialography’ has also come into use to make it clear that microstructural microscopy is not limited to the examination of metals. Every two years, the Adolf Martens Fund e.V. awards the Adolf Martens Prize to promote materials science, materials research and testing, and safety engineering.
To honour the 100th anniversary of the death of Adolf Martens, the BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin) published a special issue entitled ‘Engineering Failure Analysis/Material Structures Components Reliability Design – Special Issue: A Tribute to Prof. A. Martens’, Volume 43, August 2014, ISBN 1350-6307, Elsevier.
See also
- Mohs, Carl Friedrich Christian
- Heat resistance
- Universal hardness
- Mobile hardness measurement
- Hardness
- Instrumented hardness testing – Method & material parameters
- Metallography
References
| [1] | Wehrstedt, A.: Das Leben und Wirken von Adolf Martens – Zum 100. Todestag. DVM-Nachrichten N 62 Herbst 2014 Download as pdf |
| [2] | Martens, A.: Handbuch der Materialkunde für den Maschinenbau. Springer, Berlin (1898) |
| [3] | Urban, K.: Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik. Ein Ritt auf der Rasierklinge. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2015); ISBN 978-3-662-46236-2; E-Book ISBN 978-3-662-46237-9 (see AMK-Library under L 90); DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46237-9 |
Weblinks
- Wikipedia – The Free Encyclopedia: Adolf Martens
- Bundesvereinigung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik e. V. (BV MatWerk)