Friction Force

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Friction force

General information

Plastics are increasingly being used in tribologically loaded components, with metal bearings, gears and sliding elements being replaced by functionally optimised, i.e. filled, composite materials [1, 2].

Definition

Friction is defined as the force that counteracts the relative movement of bodies in contact with each other. In order to maintain the movement of the bodies against each other, a force is required to overcome the friction. According to AMONTONS and COULOMB, this force is independent of the contact area, but is proportional to the normal force FN with which the two bodies press against each other. It follows that

$F_{R}\,=\,\mu \,F_{N}$

with $\mu$ as the coefficient of friction of the sliding pair.

As the sliding partners press against each other, become more entangled as the normal force increases, thereby increasing the frictional force. This law of friction also applies in principle to plastics, regardless of whether it is a friction system with one or two plastic partners. Analysing the mechanisms involved in the friction process proves problematic, as heat and deformation, as well as other environmental influences such as moisture (see: standard atmospheres) and oxidation, interact in ways that are difficult to decouple. However, the relationship is considered a good approximation in all cases [3].

See also

• Abrasion elastomers
• Failure analysis plastics products, VDI Guideline 3822
• HERTZIAN pressure
• Instrumented puncture impact test
• Bend test – Influences

References

[1]	Friedrich, K.: Reibung und Verschleiß. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Kunststoffprüfung. Carl Hanser, Munich (2025) 4th Edition, pp. 207–223 (ISBN 978-3-446-44718-9; E-Book: ISBN 978-3-446-48105-3; see AMK-Library under A 23)
[2]	Friedrich, K.: Advances in Composite Tribology, Volume 8. 1st. Edition, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam (1993) (ISBN 978-0-444-89079-5; E-Book: 978-0-444-59739-7)
[3]	Hänger, A. M.: Polyetherketone für den Einsatz in Gleitlagern und Leitelementen, Aachen (1997) 11–22