View source for Crack Model according to IRWIN and Mc CLINTOCK

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<span style="font-size:1.2em;font-weight:bold;">Crack model to IRWIN & Mc CLINTOCK</span>
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==Basics of the model==

The application of the [[Crack Model according to GRIFFITH | crack model according to GRIFFITH]] and the determination of the fracture toughness values based on it are linked to a purely elastic deformation of the stressed material.

However, most technical materials exhibit plastic deformation in the microscopic range even when a macroscopically brittle fracture occurs.

In order to ensure the applicability of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the plastic deformations at the crack tip must be small in comparison to the crack length and the component dimensions.

[[file:rissmodellirwinmcclintock1.jpg|550px]]<br>
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''': 
|width="600px" |Crack model according to Irwin and Mc Clintock
|}

[[Category:Fracture Mechanics]]
According to the model established by Irwin and Mc Clintock [1–3], it is assumed that the crack length required to calculate the fracture toughness is composed of the initial crack length ''a''<sub>0</sub> and the radius of the plastic zone ''a''<sub>pl</sub> as the effective value ''a''<sub>eff</sub> (for experimental determination see effective crack length).

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px" | <math>a_{eff}=a_{0}+a_{pl} </math>
|}

==Linear-elastic fracture mechanics with small-scale yields==

The fracture mechanics concept based on this is explained under the basic term fracture mechanics and is referred to as linear-elastic [[Fracture Mechanics | fracture mechanics]] with small-scale yields.

The size of the plastic zone ''a''<sub>pl</sub> can be estimated simply by replacing the stress components in the SNEDDON-WILLIAMS equations with the yield strength ''R''<sub>e</sub> (''R''<sub>e</sub> = ''&sigma;''<sub>F</sub>).

For ''&Theta;'' = 0 you get:

{|
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|width="20px"|
|width="500px" | <math>r_{pl}=a_{pl}=\frac{1}{2\pi}(\frac{K_{I}}{R_{e}})^2</math>
|}
for [[[Plain Stress and Strain State|plain stress state]] and

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px" | <math>r_{pl}=a_{pl}=\frac{1}{2\pi}(\frac{K_{I}}{R_{e}})^2(1-2\upsilon)^2</math>
|}
für den [[[Plain Stress and Strain State|plain strain state]].

Due to the increasing deformation constraint towards the centre of the specimen, the plane stress state prevailing at the edge of the specimen changes to the plane strain state. The plastic zone is smaller in the centre of the specimen, resulting in the formation of the so-called ‘dog bone model’

[[file:Crack Model to Irwin, McClintock 2.jpg|400px]]<br>
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 2''': 
|width="600px" |Plastic zone in front of the crack tip along the specimen width
|}

[[file:Crack Model to Irwin, McClintock_3.jpg|250px]]<br>
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 3''': 
|width="600px" |Form of the plastic zone in front of the crack tip along the specimen width
|}

In this case, the stress intensity factor is calculated as follows

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px" | <math>K_{I}=\sigma (\pi a_{eff})^{\frac{1}{2}} f(a_{eff}/W)</math>
|}

The application of this model is limited to the case of

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="200px" | <math>\frac{R_{m}}{R_{e}}\leq0.6</math>
|Ratio of tensile strength to yield stress
|}

If this condition is not met and larger plastically deformed areas occur, then the methods of yield fracture mechanics must be applied.
Three-dimensional FEM calculations taking into account the hardening behaviour have shown that the actual shape deviates from these model concepts.

==Formation of the plastic zone for plastics==

As the experimental verification is very complex, there are only a few findings in the literature [4].

Figure 4 shows an example of a plastic zone in an isotactic polypropylene ([[Plastics – Symbols and Abbreviated Terms | abbreviation]]: PP)

[[file:rissmodellirwinmcclintock4.jpg|550px]]<br>
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 4''': 
|width="600px" |Example: Plastic zone in a polypropylene material [4]
|}

The most important applications of an appropriate corrected application of fracture mechanics to plastics today lie in the question of the structure-related realisation of the plastic zone. An answer to this question naturally depends on the specific microstructure of the plastic.

==See also==

*[[Fracture Mechanics | Fracture mechanics]]
*[[Crack Models |Crack models]]
*[[Crack Model according to BARENBLATT | Crack model according to BARENBLATT]]
*[[Crack Model according to GRIFFITH | Crack model according to GRIFFITH]]
*[[Crack Model according to DUGDALE | Crack model according to DUGDALE]]

'''References'''
{|
|-valign="top"
|[1]
|[[Blumenauer, Horst|Blumenauer, H.]], Pusch, G.: Technische Bruchmechanik. Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig Stuttgart (1982) p. 20 (see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under E 29-1)
|-valign="top"
|[2]
|Blumenauer, H., Pusch, G.: Technische Bruchmechanik. Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig (1987) 2nd Edition, p. 20 (ISBN 3-342-00096-1; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under E 29-2)
|-valign="top"
|[3]
|Blumenauer, H., Pusch, G.: Technische Bruchmechanik. Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig Stuttgart (1993) 3rd Edition, p. 17 (ISBN 3-342-00659-5; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under E 29-3)
|-valign="top"
|[4]
|Hoffmann, H., [[Grellmann, Wolfgang|Grellmann, W.]], Hille, E., Newe, R.: Ermittlung und Anwendung bruchmechanischer Kennwerte zur Beschreibung der Zähigkeitseigenschaften von isotaktischem Polypropylen. Plaste und Kautschuk 29 (1982), H. 4, p. 230–237) ([https://www.polymerservice-merseburg.de/fileadmin/inhalte/psm/veroeffentlichungen/Publ_8_Plaste_und_Kautschuk_29_1982__H_4_S_230-237.pdf Download as pdf])
|}