Elastomer Dispersion Filler

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Elastomers Dispersion Filler

Types of interaction between fillers and matrix

The mechanical properties of filled elastomers are decisively influenced by the dispersion of the fillers (carbon black, silica, etc.), which must therefore be analyzed in detail [1]. The filler distribution in elastomer materials is influenced by thermodynamic interactions in the form of

– Polymer–filler interactions

– filler–filler interactions (filler interactions)

as well as the mixing conditions during production [2].

During mixing, larger agglomerates are broken down into smaller aggregates and distributed in the matrix [3, 4]. The quality of a mixture depends on thermodynamic aspects, i.e. essentially on the complex interactions in the discrete polymer (rubber) phase, given comparable particle sizes of the fillers and additives (anti-ageing agents, processing aids, etc.) and structure. A good filler–filler interaction favours the re-agglomeration of the particles, thus reducing the rubber–filler interface and leading to the formation of filler networks [4].

Description of micro- and macrodispersion in elastomers

Depending on the particle size, the dispersion state can be characterized using very different methods [4], whereby a distinction is generally made between microdispersion (polymer–filler interaction) and macrodispersion (filler–filler interactions) [5]:

• Assessment of microdispersion

– Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

– Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

– Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

• Assessment of macrodispersion

– Gloss section method (degree of macrodispersion)

– Electrical conductivity measurement (volume resistance)

– Black incorporation time (BIT)

See also

• Degree of cross-linking elastomers
• Cross-linking elastomers
• Abrasion elastomers
• Ageing elastomers
• Durability elastomers
• SHORE hardness – Material development elastomers

References

[1]	Reincke, K.: Elastomere Werkstoffe – Zusammenhang zwischen Mischungsrezeptur, Struktur und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie dem Deformations- und Bruchverhalten. Habilitation, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Shaker (2016) (ISBN 978-3-8440-4637-3; see AMK-Library under B 2-2)
[2]	Schön, F.: Elastomer/Schichtsilikat Komposite: Einfluss der Füllstoffstruktur auf mechanische, dynamische und Glasbarriere-Eigenschaften. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau (2004), https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/dnb/download/1291 (access on 29.08.2025)
[3]	Reincke, K.; Bruchmechanische Bewertung von ungefüllten und gefüllten Elastomerwerkstoffen. Dissertation, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Mensch & Buch Publishing Berlin (2005) (ISBN 978-3-86664-021-0; see AMK-Library under B 1-13)
[4]	Ziegler, J.: Beeinflussung der Polymer-Füllstoff-Wechselwirkung durch Oberflächenmodifizierung von Füllstoffen. Dissertation (2004), Universität Hannover, https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01dh04/473013959.pdf (access on 29.08.2025)
[5]	Hornig, R.: Beschreibung mikro-rheologischer Vorgänge und resultierender Verbundstrukturen beim Elastomermischprozess im Innenmischer durch rheologische Untersuchungen, Dissertation, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (2009) http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de