View source for Peel-Cling Test

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<span style="font-size:1.2em;font-weight:bold;">Peel-Cling test</span>
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==General information==

Various test methods are known for investigating the adhesion or cling behaviour of adhesive films. While the [[T-Peel Test|T-peel test]] and [[Fixed-arm Peel Test|fixed-arm peel test]] are used for sealing films, e.g., to assess sealing behaviour in the food industry, the peel-cling test is used for stretch films in the packaging industry to evaluate self-adhesion (adhesion of films to themselves). These packaging films are used, for example, in agriculture or for pallets to secure loads during transport or storage.

==Fundamentals of the test method==

The peel-cling test according to ASTM D 5458 [1] is used to characterise the cling behaviour of stretch films. This test method measures the force required to separate a strip of film with a defined area from a fixed underlying film made of identical material ('''Fig. 1''').

[[File:Cling-Test_Fig-1.jpg]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''': 
|width="600px" |Set-up and measuring principle of the peel-cling test
|}

The measuring principle is based on fixing the underlying film on a 20° inclined plane by placing the film on and under the wedge and tightening it using a rotary knob. The film must lie on the base without any bubbles or wrinkles. A 1-inch (25.4 mm) wide strip of film is then placed in the centre of this film and rolled on with a brush or roller to remove any wrinkles or bubbles, with a clamp attached to the lower end with a thread. This thread is guided by means of a deflection roller to the clamping device (see also: [[Specimen Clamping|specimen clamping]]) of a [[Material Testing Machine|universal testing machine]] ('''Fig. 2''') [2, 3].

[[File:Cling-Test_Fig-2.jpg]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 2''': 
|width="600px" |Functionality of the peel-cling test
|}

After applying a preload to tension the thread, the test is carried out at a [[Test Speed|test speed]] of 100 mm min<sup>-1</sup>. The force ''F'' and the crosshead path Δ''L'' are recorded when the upper film is detached from the start of the plane, where the angle of the wedge is 20°, to the cling line 2.6 inches away ('''Fig. 3''').

[[File:clingtest3.jpg]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 3''': 
|width="600px" |Technical model of the peel-cling test on a universal testing machine
|}


==Determination of measured variables==

The recorded force-extension diagram ('''Fig. 4''') is stored by the [[Material Testing Machine|universal testing machine]] and evaluated by the associated software. In accordance with ASTM D 5485, the cling force ''F''<sub>cling</sub> at point A and the total energy ''E''<sub>G</sub> are determined. However, due to the low forces, which are significantly below 1 N, the evaluation of this test poses considerable problems. This is because the elastic [[Deformation|deformation]] and bending effects of the films are recorded in the area of the start-up behaviour and steep rise of the curve until a constant level for the peeling process should occur at point A. As can be seen in '''Fig. 2''', even the pull-off angle of the test device is not constant, which results in a geometry-dependent test force and means that a constant cling peel force cannot be obtained.

[[File:clingtest4.jpg]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 4''': 
|width="600px" |Ideal and real force–extension curve in the peel-cling test [4]
|}

==See also==

* [[Peel-Cling Test Extended|Peel-Cling test extended]]
* [[Peel-Cling Test Cyclic|Peel-Cling test cyclic]]
* [[Peeling Process|Peeling process]]
* [[Peel Properties of Peel Systems|Peel properties of peel systems]]
* [[Adhesive Energy Release Rate|Adhesive energy release rate]]

==References==

{|
|-valign="top"
|[1]
|ASTM D 5458 (1995; reapproved 2025): Standard Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap Film 
|-valign="top"
|[2]
|Rennert, M., [[Nase, Michael|Nase, M.]], [[Reincke,_Katrin|Reincke, K.]], [https://researchgate.net/profile/Ralf-Lach Lach, R.], [[Grellmann,_Wolfgang|Grellmann, W.]]: Fracture Mechanics Characterisation of Low-adhesive Stretch Films. In: [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.], Langer, B. (Eds.): Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science 247, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2017) 283–296 (ISBN 978-3-319-41877-3; e-Book: ISBN 978-3-319-41879-7; see [[AMK-Library]] under A 19) 
|-valign="top"
|[3]
|Rennert, M.: Fracture Mechanics Investigation of Autohesive Interfacial Interactions of Polyethylene Stretch Wrap Films. Promotion. Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg. November 16, 2018 (see [[AMK-Library]] under B 1-29) ([[https://wiki.polymerservice-merseburg.de/images/7/7f/Table_of_Contents_Mirko_Rennert.pdf Content]) 
|-valign="top"
|[4]
|Reincke, K.: Testing of Polymeric Films. In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [[Seidler,_Sabine|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022). 3rd Edition, pp. 643–678 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; e-Book ISBN 978-1-56990-807-5; ePub ISBN 978-1-56990-802-2; see [[AMK-Library]] under A 22) 
|}

[[Category:Film Testing]]
[[Category:Peel Test]]