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<span style="font-size:1.2em;font-weight:bold;">Bend test</span>
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==General==
The quasi-static bend test is used, in particular, for the examination of brittle [[Material & Werkstoff|materials]], which cause measurement problems in the [[Tensile Test|tensile test]] due to their failure behaviour. In the case of homogeneous and isotropic [[Plastics|plastics]], this test is applied according to ISO 178 for testing the following materials [1]:

*[[Thermoplastic Material | thermoplastic]] injection-molding and extrusion molding compounds, including filled and reinforced molding compounds, as well as rigid thermoplastic sheets,
*[[Thermosets | thermosetting]] moulding compounds, including filled and reinforced composites,
*thermosetting sheets, including laminates,
*fiber-reinforced thermosetting and thermoplastic composite materials containing both unidirectional and non-unidirectional reinforcements, and
*thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymers.


However, this test method is not suitable for hard foams or layer composites containing foam. For the determination of the flexural properties of fiber-reinforced plastics, e.g. ISO 14125 [2] is applied to laminates made of GRP or CRP.

In test engineering practice, the three-point and four-point test equipment are available as test arrangements.

==The three-point bending test method==

[[SENB-Specimen | Bending test specimens]] are used for the experimental investigations. In ISO 178, only the three-point test arrangement is allowed for determining the modulus of elasticity and the flexural properties ('''Fig. 1''').

[[file:bend_test_1.jpg|400px]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''': 
|width="600px" |Three-point bend test equipment according to ISO 178 and ISO 14125
|}

In this standard, measurement of the middle deflection by means of cross-head measurement or the use of a deflectometer in the center of the specimen is permitted. Especially in the determination of the modulus of elasticity, improved characteristic values result for the specimen, since the deflection error is not contained in the deflection signal as a result of the penetration by the deflection anvil. If fork sensors, as shown in '''Fig. 2''', are used, even more precise characteristic values are obtained, since the penetration of the supports is also omitted from the measuring signal. In this case, however, modified evaluation formulas (see '''table 1''') are to be used to calculate the characteristic values of the bending tests. The tests are usually carried out with a support length of 64 mm (''h'' = 4 mm) and test speed of 2 or 5 mm/min until the fracture or maximum load is reached. If no break or maximum occurs, the test is terminated when the conventional deflection of 6 mm (''h'' = 4 mm) is reached. The characteristic values flexural strength and flexural stress at conventional deflection cannot be compared [3]. For comparison with such behaviour of plastics, a freely defined yield strength at x % can be used to determine a flexural stress ''&sigma;''<sub>fx</sub> ('''Fig. 3'''), although this method is standardized only in the [[tensile test]].

[[file:bend_test_2.jpg|550px]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 2''': 
|width="600px" |Measurement of middle deflection or deflection using a fork sensor
|}


{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="60px"|'''Table 1''': 
|width="600px" |Evaluation formulas for the calculation of the characteristic values of the bend test
|}
[[file:bend_test_5.jpg|550px]]


[[file:bend_test_3.jpg|350px]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 3''': 
|width="600px" |Determination of x %-flexural stress
|}

==The four-point bending test method==

The three- or four-point bending test arrangement can be used on fiber-reinforced plastics according to ISO 14125. The latter testing device ('''Fig. 4''') produces more precise results, but is more expensive and more complicated to handle.

[[file:bend_test_4.jpg|400px]]
{| 
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 4''': 
|width="600px" |4P-Bend equipment according to ISO 14125
|}

Since this standard does not provide for a break-off criterion as in the case of ISO 178, the tests are usually carried out until the test specimen breaks. Since additional stress components occur as a result of friction or Hertz compression, particularly in the case of large deflections, geometrical effects, such as support shortening, have to be corrected for peripheral fibre strain and flexural stress in the three- and four-point bending device [2].

A comprehensive literature analysis on the mechanical values ''ε''<sub>f</sub>, ''σ''<sub>fM</sub> and ''σ''<sub>fc</sub> for [[Bend Loading|bend loading]] for numerous plastics is given in [4].

==See also==

*[[Bend Loading]]
*[[Bend Test – Shear Stress|Bend test – Shear stress]]
*[[Bend Test – Yield Stress|Bend Test – Yield stress]]
*[[Bend Test Compliance|Bend test compliance]]
*[[Bend Test – Test Influences|Bend test – Test influences]]
*[[Flexural Strength|Flexural strength]]


'''References'''
{|
|-valign="top"
|[1]
|ISO 178 (2019-04): Plastics – Determination of Flexural Properties
|-valign="top"
|[2]
|ISO 14125 (1998-03): Fibre-reinforced Plastic Composites – Determination of Flexural Properties, Technical Corrigendum Cor.1:2001-07 and Amd.1:2011-02
|-valign="top"
|[3]
|[[Bierögel, Christian|Bierögel, C.]]: Bend Test on Polymers. In: [[Grellmann, Wolfgang|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler, Sabine|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3. Edition, 133–143 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see under [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] A 22)
|-valign="top"
|[4]
|Bierögel, C., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.]: Bend Loading. In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sabine-Seidler Sabine Seidler] (Eds.): Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers. Landolt-Börnstein, Volume VIII/6A3, Springer Berlin (2014) 164–191, (ISBN 978-3-642-55165-9; see under [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] A 16)
|}

[[Category:Bend Test|Bend Test]]