Notching - Revision history

Oluschinski at 06:09, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T06:09:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 15 December 2025
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	Depending on the direction of support and laminate structure, a distinction is also made between vertical (n) and plane-parallel (p) blow directions. For testing according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]], the test [[Specimen\|specimen]] shapes are used as for the flatwise or edgewise impact test according to [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test\|CHARPY]] ('''Fig. 1a''') [4]. Here, it is also possible to test laminates in the perpendicular and plane-parallel directions. The [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test\|Dynstat]] test for brittle [[Plastics\|plastics]] also uses prismatic flat test specimens, but with dimensions of 15 x 10 x 1.2–4.5 mm3 ('''~~Figure~~ 1b''') [5], which means that test [[Specimen\|specimens]] from components can also be examined due to their short length. In the [[Tensile Impact Test\|tensile impact test]] (see: '''~~Figure~~ 2'''), four different test [[Specimen\|specimens]] are used depending on the material being tested [6].		Depending on the direction of support and laminate structure, a distinction is also made between vertical (n) and plane-parallel (p) blow directions. For testing according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]], the test [[Specimen\|specimen]] shapes are used as for the flatwise or edgewise impact test according to [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test\|CHARPY]] ('''Fig. 1a''') [4]. Here, it is also possible to test laminates in the perpendicular and plane-parallel directions. The [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test\|Dynstat]] test for brittle [[Plastics\|plastics]] also uses prismatic flat test specimens, but with dimensions of 15 x 10 x 1.2–4.5 mm3 ('''Fig. 1b''') [5], which means that test [[Specimen\|specimens]] from components can also be examined due to their short length. In the [[Tensile Impact Test\|tensile impact test]] (see: '''Fig. 2'''), four different test [[Specimen\|specimens]] are used depending on the material being tested [6].

	[[file:~~Kerbeinbringung-2~~.~~JPG~~\|500px]]		[[file:Notch_insertion_Fig2.jpg\|500px]]
	{\|		{\|
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	For tough [[Plastics\|plastics]] that do not break or only break partially in conventional impact tests, notched impact tests are used, whereby different [[Notch Geometry\|notch shapes]] are used depending on the type of [[Stress\|stress]].		For tough [[Plastics\|plastics]] that do not break or only break partially in conventional impact tests, notched impact tests are used, whereby different [[Notch Geometry\|notch shapes]] are used depending on the type of [[Stress\|stress]].

	In conventional [[Notched Impact Test\|notched impact tests]] according to ISO 179-1 [2] or ISO 180 [4], notched test specimens with dimensions of 80 x 10 x 4 mm3 are used, which are usually also made from [[Multipurpose Test Specimen\|multipurpose test specimens]] [3]. In the [[Charpy Testing\|Charpy]] [[Impact Test\|impact test]], there are three types of [[Notch\|notches]] that differ in notch radius, but all have the same notch depth of 2 mm and the same notch angle of 45°, regardless of the direction of impact (edgewise or flatwise) ('''~~Figure~~ 3'''). Notch shape B with a notch radius of 1 mm is intended for brittle plastics, while types A and C should be used for more [[Ductility Plastics\|ductile]] [[Material & Werkstoff\|materials]].		In conventional [[Notched Impact Test\|notched impact tests]] according to ISO 179-1 [2] or ISO 180 [4], notched test specimens with dimensions of 80 x 10 x 4 mm3 are used, which are usually also made from [[Multipurpose Test Specimen\|multipurpose test specimens]] [3]. In the [[Charpy Testing\|Charpy]] [[Impact Test\|impact test]], there are three types of [[Notch\|notches]] that differ in notch radius, but all have the same notch depth of 2 mm and the same notch angle of 45°, regardless of the direction of impact (edgewise or flatwise) ('''Fig. 3'''). Notch shape B with a notch radius of 1 mm is intended for brittle plastics, while types A and C should be used for more [[Ductility Plastics\|ductile]] [[Material & Werkstoff\|materials]].

	[[file:Notch insertion Fig3.jpg\|500px]]		[[file:Notch insertion Fig3.jpg\|500px]]
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	In the notch impact test according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]] [4], only two [[Notch Geometry\|notch geometries]] are used for brittle (A) and tough (B) [[Plastics\|plastics]] ('''~~Figure~~ 3'''), as the support conditions (see [[Support Distance\|support distance]]) differ significantly from the arrangement according to [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test\|CHARPY]] and the [[Material Value\|characteristic values]] determined are not comparable.		In the notch impact test according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]] [4], only two [[Notch Geometry\|notch geometries]] are used for brittle (A) and tough (B) [[Plastics\|plastics]] ('''Fig. 3'''), as the support conditions (see [[Support Distance\|support distance]]) differ significantly from the arrangement according to [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test\|CHARPY]] and the [[Material Value\|characteristic values]] determined are not comparable.

	The notches for the CHARPY or [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]] test are usually made by machine milling or planing, sometimes also by sawing, in the centre of one side of the test specimen. In contrast to CHARPY and IZOD, the [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test\|Dynstat]] test does not use a V-notch, but a U-notch on the flat side of the test specimen. This is made with a milling cutter or a special saw blade, whereby the cutting speed must be adapted to the respective [[Plastics\|plastic]] material, just as for CHARPY or IZOD test specimens. The notch width here is 0.8 mm and the notch depth is 1/3 of the width B ('''~~Figure~~ 4a''') [5]. In the [[Tensile Impact Test\|tensile impact test]] according to ISO 8256 [6], the type 1 test specimen with notches on both sides is used. The notch depth of the V-notches is 2 mm in each case and the notch angle is specified as 45° in analogy to the [[Notched Impact Test\|notched impact test]]. In order to avoid branching of the [[Crack\|crack]] and thus falsified energy values, care must be taken to ensure that the opposite [[Notch\|notches]] are precisely aligned.		The notches for the CHARPY or [[Impact Test#Izod impact test\|IZOD]] test are usually made by machine milling or planing, sometimes also by sawing, in the centre of one side of the test specimen. In contrast to CHARPY and IZOD, the [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test\|Dynstat]] test does not use a V-notch, but a U-notch on the flat side of the test specimen. This is made with a milling cutter or a special saw blade, whereby the cutting speed must be adapted to the respective [[Plastics\|plastic]] material, just as for CHARPY or IZOD test specimens. The notch width here is 0.8 mm and the notch depth is 1/3 of the width B ('''Fig. 4a''') [5]. In the [[Tensile Impact Test\|tensile impact test]] according to ISO 8256 [6], the type 1 test specimen with notches on both sides is used. The notch depth of the V-notches is 2 mm in each case and the notch angle is specified as 45° in analogy to the [[Notched Impact Test\|notched impact test]]. In order to avoid branching of the [[Crack\|crack]] and thus falsified energy values, care must be taken to ensure that the opposite [[Notch\|notches]] are precisely aligned.

	[[file:~~Kerbeinbringung-4~~.~~JPG~~\|500px]]		[[file:Notch_insertion_Fig4.jpg\|500px]]
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	Instrumented impact tests are only standardised for bending stress, but only in accordance with [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test\|CHARPY]] [7], and for impact stress in [[Impact Loading Free-falling Dart Test\|instrumented free-falling dart test]] [8, 9]. Regardless of this, a pendulum impact device Resil jun. with 25 J working capacity from INSTRON/CEAST is available for the [[Instrumented Tensile Impact Test (ITIT)\|instrumented tensile-impact]] and [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test\|CHARPY impact test]], which is equipped with a suitable [[Piezoelectric Force Transducer\|piezoelectric force measurement]] and a pendulum height adjustment ('''~~Figure~~ 6a'''). For the instrumented notch impact bending test, [[Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg\|Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg]] has a unique fracture mechanics workstation based on the 25 J pendulum impact device HIT 25P from [https://www.zwickroell.com/ ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm], and is equipped with force and displacement sensors, a pendulum height adjustment with locking device and a [[ICIT – Stop Block Method\|stop block device]], as well as the [[WinICIT-Software\|WinICIT-software]] [10, 11]		Instrumented impact tests are only standardised for bending stress, but only in accordance with [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test\|CHARPY]] [7], and for impact stress in [[Impact Loading Free-falling Dart Test\|instrumented free-falling dart test]] [8, 9]. Regardless of this, a pendulum impact device Resil jun. with 25 J working capacity from INSTRON/CEAST is available for the [[Instrumented Tensile Impact Test (ITIT)\|instrumented tensile-impact]] and [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test\|CHARPY impact test]], which is equipped with a suitable [[Piezoelectric Force Transducer\|piezoelectric force measurement]] and a pendulum height adjustment ('''Fig. 6a'''). For the instrumented notch impact bending test, [[Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg\|Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg]] has a unique fracture mechanics workstation based on the 25 J pendulum impact device HIT 25P from [https://www.zwickroell.com/ ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm], and is equipped with force and displacement sensors, a pendulum height adjustment with locking device and a [[ICIT – Stop Block Method\|stop block device]], as well as the [[WinICIT-Software\|WinICIT-software]] [10, 11]

	[[file:Kerbeinbringung-6.JPG\|500px]]		[[file:Kerbeinbringung-6.JPG\|500px]]
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	==Equipment systems for notch insertition==		==Equipment systems for notch insertition==

	In this case, industrial metal blades and specific notching devices as shown in '''~~Figure~~ 7''' are used for the notching.		In this case, industrial metal blades and specific notching devices as shown in '''Fig. 7''' are used for the notching.

	[[file:Kerbeinbringung-7.JPG\|500px]]		[[file:Kerbeinbringung-7.JPG\|500px]]
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	The notch depth was mostly 2 mm, regardless of the notch radius. However, if [[Crack Resistance (R) Curve\|crack resistance curves]] (R) curves are to be generated, then greater notch depths are usually required, e.g. for an a/W ratio of 0.5, then a = 5 mm. If these penetration depths cannot be achieved with the metal blade due to the material behaviour, a preliminary notch can be made by milling, sawing or planing. In the case of brittle materials, unstable [[Crack Propagation\|crack propagation]] can already occur during the notching process, which is why the pneumatic notching device ('''~~Figure~~ 8a''') cannot be used and the [[Notch\|notch]] must be made carefully with manual feed ('''~~Figure~~ 8b''').		The notch depth was mostly 2 mm, regardless of the notch radius. However, if [[Crack Resistance (R) Curve\|crack resistance curves]] (R) curves are to be generated, then greater notch depths are usually required, e.g. for an a/W ratio of 0.5, then a = 5 mm. If these penetration depths cannot be achieved with the metal blade due to the material behaviour, a preliminary notch can be made by milling, sawing or planing. In the case of brittle materials, unstable [[Crack Propagation\|crack propagation]] can already occur during the notching process, which is why the pneumatic notching device ('''Fig. 8a''') cannot be used and the [[Notch\|notch]] must be made carefully with manual feed ('''Fig. 8b''').

	Since the notch radius has a significant influence on the determined level of [[Toughness\|toughness]] (see: [[Notch Sensitivity\|Notch sensitivity]]), the geometry in the notch base should be checked regularly with a microscope for notch angle and radius. If the [[Notch Geometry\|notch geometry]] is incorrect due to tool wear, the results of the toughness characterisation can be significantly distorted by multiple cracks or crack branching in the notch ground and a subsequent increase in energy consumption during the impact test.		Since the notch radius has a significant influence on the determined level of [[Toughness\|toughness]] (see: [[Notch Sensitivity\|Notch sensitivity]]), the geometry in the notch base should be checked regularly with a microscope for notch angle and radius. If the [[Notch Geometry\|notch geometry]] is incorrect due to tool wear, the results of the toughness characterisation can be significantly distorted by multiple cracks or crack branching in the notch ground and a subsequent increase in energy consumption during the impact test.

Oluschinski: Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Kerbeinbringung}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Notching or Notch insertion FORCETOC ==General information== To characterise the toughness of plastics, impact and notch impact tests with different types of stress are used depending on the dominant material behaviour [1]. For brittle materials or for testing at very l..."

2025-12-03T12:35:13Z

Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Kerbeinbringung}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Notching or Notch insertion __FORCETOC__ ==General information== To characterise the toughness of plastics, impact and notch impact tests with different types of stress are used depending on the dominant material behaviour [1]. For brittle materials or for testing at very l..."

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{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Kerbeinbringung}}
{{PSM_Infobox}}
Notching or Notch insertion
__FORCETOC__

==General information==

To characterise the [[Toughness|toughness]] of [[Plastics|plastics]], [[Impact Loading Plastics|impact and notch impact tests]] with different types of stress are used depending on the dominant [[Material Parameter|material]] behaviour [1]. For brittle materials or for testing at very low temperatures, e.g. to determine the [[Brittle-Tough Transition|brittle-tough transition]], [[Impact Test|impact tests]] are usually used, in which unnotched test [[Specimen|specimens]] with different geometries are used. In the impact bending test, prismatic flat test specimens (80 x 10 x 4 mm3) are used [2], which are made from the [[Multipurpose Test Specimen|multipurpose test specimen]] type 1A by removing the shoulders [3] ('''Fig. 1a'''). Variations arise when layer-like laminates are tested.

[[file:Notch insertion Fig1.jpg|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''':
|width="600px"|Test specimens for the [[Impact Test|impact test]] (a) according to Charpy and (b) according to Dynstat
|}

Depending on the direction of support and laminate structure, a distinction is also made between vertical (n) and plane-parallel (p) blow directions. For testing according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test|IZOD]], the test [[Specimen|specimen]] shapes are used as for the flatwise or edgewise impact test according to [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test|CHARPY]] ('''Fig. 1a''') [4]. Here, it is also possible to test laminates in the perpendicular and plane-parallel directions. The [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test|Dynstat]] test for brittle [[Plastics|plastics]] also uses prismatic flat test specimens, but with dimensions of 15 x 10 x 1.2–4.5 mm3 ('''Figure 1b''') [5], which means that test [[Specimen|specimens]] from components can also be examined due to their short length. In the [[Tensile Impact Test|tensile impact test]] (see: '''Figure 2'''), four different test [[Specimen|specimens]] are used depending on the material being tested [6].

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-2.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 2''':
|width="600px"|Test specimen for the impact test
|}

==Notched Charpy impact test and notched tensile impact test==

For tough [[Plastics|plastics]] that do not break or only break partially in conventional impact tests, notched impact tests are used, whereby different [[Notch Geometry|notch shapes]] are used depending on the type of [[Stress|stress]].

In conventional [[Notched Impact Test|notched impact tests]] according to ISO 179-1 [2] or ISO 180 [4], notched test specimens with dimensions of 80 x 10 x 4 mm3 are used, which are usually also made from [[Multipurpose Test Specimen|multipurpose test specimens]] [3]. In the [[Charpy Testing|Charpy]] [[Impact Test|impact test]], there are three types of [[Notch|notches]] that differ in notch radius, but all have the same notch depth of 2 mm and the same notch angle of 45°, regardless of the direction of impact (edgewise or flatwise) ('''Figure 3'''). Notch shape B with a notch radius of 1 mm is intended for brittle plastics, while types A and C should be used for more [[Ductility Plastics|ductile]] [[Material & Werkstoff|materials]].

[[file:Notch insertion Fig3.jpg|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 3''':
|width="600px"|Notch shapes for the Charpy impact test (narrow side) according to CHARPY [2]
|}

In the notch impact test according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test|IZOD]] [4], only two [[Notch Geometry|notch geometries]] are used for brittle (A) and tough (B) [[Plastics|plastics]] ('''Figure 3'''), as the support conditions (see [[Support Distance|support distance]]) differ significantly from the arrangement according to [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test|CHARPY]] and the [[Material Value|characteristic values]] determined are not comparable.

The notches for the CHARPY or [[Impact Test#Izod impact test|IZOD]] test are usually made by machine milling or planing, sometimes also by sawing, in the centre of one side of the test specimen. In contrast to CHARPY and IZOD, the [[Impact Test#Dynstat impact test|Dynstat]] test does not use a V-notch, but a U-notch on the flat side of the test specimen. This is made with a milling cutter or a special saw blade, whereby the cutting speed must be adapted to the respective [[Plastics|plastic]] material, just as for CHARPY or IZOD test specimens. The notch width here is 0.8 mm and the notch depth is 1/3 of the width B ('''Figure 4a''') [5]. In the [[Tensile Impact Test|tensile impact test]] according to ISO 8256 [6], the type 1 test specimen with notches on both sides is used. The notch depth of the V-notches is 2 mm in each case and the notch angle is specified as 45° in analogy to the [[Notched Impact Test|notched impact test]]. In order to avoid branching of the [[Crack|crack]] and thus falsified energy values, care must be taken to ensure that the opposite [[Notch|notches]] are precisely aligned.

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-4.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 4''':
|width="600px"|Notch shape (a) of the [[Notched Impact Test|notch impact test]] (narrow side) according to [[Impact Test#Izod impact test|Dynstat]] [5] and (b) of the [[Notched Tensile Impact Test|notched tensile-impact test]]
|}

==Instrumented Charpy Impact test and instrumented tensile impact test==

For highly [[Ductility Plastics|tough plastics]], e.g. those used in automotive engineering, which do not fail in conventional notch impact tests or only deliver inadequate results, [[Instrumented Charpy Impact Test|instrumented Charpy impact tests]] are used, in which the impact load–deflection diagram is recorded online. This requires the [[Electronic Instrumentation|instrumentation]] of the [[Impact Loading Pendulum Impact Tester|pendulum impact device]] used with at least force sensors or additionally with displacement sensors ('''Figs. 5a and b''').

[[file:Notch insertion Fig5.jpg|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 5''':
|width="600px"|Instrumented pendulum impact tester (a) for the notch impact test and (b) for the notch tensile test
|}

Instrumented impact tests are only standardised for bending stress, but only in accordance with [[Impact Test#CHARPY impact test|CHARPY]] [7], and for impact stress in [[Impact Loading Free-falling Dart Test|instrumented free-falling dart test]] [8, 9]. Regardless of this, a pendulum impact device Resil jun. with 25 J working capacity from INSTRON/CEAST is available for the [[Instrumented Tensile Impact Test (ITIT)|instrumented tensile-impact]] and [[Impact Test#Charpy impact test|CHARPY impact test]], which is equipped with a suitable [[Piezoelectric Force Transducer|piezoelectric force measurement]] and a pendulum height adjustment ('''Figure 6a'''). For the instrumented notch impact bending test, [[Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg|Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg]] has a unique fracture mechanics workstation based on the 25 J pendulum impact device HIT 25P from [https://www.zwickroell.com/ ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm], and is equipped with force and displacement sensors, a pendulum height adjustment with locking device and a [[ICIT – Stop Block Method|stop block device]], as well as the [[WinICIT-Software|WinICIT-software]] [10, 11]

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-6.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 6''':
|width="600px"|nstrumented pendulum impact testers (a) Resil jun. for the notch impact test and (b) HIT 25P for the notch impact test
|}

Since the [[Instrumented Charpy Impact Test|instrumented Charpy impact tests]] in accordance with ISO 179-2 [7] usually do not produce evaluable results for [[Plastics|plastics]] due to the drop height used and a structure-related evaluation of the [[Toughness|toughness]] is not possible, the [[Fracture Mechanics|fracture mechanics]] [[Fracture Mechanical Testing|toughness evaluation]] of the impact tests is absolutely necessary for tough and highly tough [[Plastics|plastics]] [12]. This involves using much sharper notch radii to generate a high stress concentration (0.15 to 0.3 µm) in both the notch impact bending and tensile tests, but with reduced impact speeds in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 m/s [13, 14].

==Equipment systems for notch insertition==

In this case, industrial metal blades and specific notching devices as shown in '''Figure 7''' are used for the notching.

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-7.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 7''':
|width="600px"|Notching devices from INSTRON/CEAST (a) Notchvis machine system, (b) manual Notchvis and (c) razor blade notching device for tensile impact and bending tests
|}

The NOTCHVIS notching device from CEAST can be used to make narrow notches. It was originally designed for the machine production of V and U notches in the notch radius range of 0.05 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.25 mm and 1 mm, but with appropriate additional equipment can also use sharper metal blades for manual planing ('''Figure 7b''') or pressing ('''Figure 7c''').

A special notch device was developed at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Hochschule_Leuna-Merseburg Technische Hochschule “Carl Schorlemmer” Leuna-Merseburg] (abbreviated:THLM) back in 1980 for making sharp notches in plastics. It is now available in a modified form from [[Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg|Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg]] ('''Fig. 8''').

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-8.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 8''':
|width="600px"|Industrial blade notching devices from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_Service_Merseburg Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg], (a) pneumatic/manual notching device (b) manual notching device for plastics
|}

The notch depth was mostly 2 mm, regardless of the notch radius. However, if [[Crack Resistance (R) Curve|crack resistance curves]] (R) curves are to be generated, then greater notch depths are usually required, e.g. for an a/W ratio of 0.5, then a = 5 mm. If these penetration depths cannot be achieved with the metal blade due to the material behaviour, a preliminary notch can be made by milling, sawing or planing. In the case of brittle materials, unstable [[Crack Propagation|crack propagation]] can already occur during the notching process, which is why the pneumatic notching device ('''Figure 8a''') cannot be used and the [[Notch|notch]] must be made carefully with manual feed ('''Figure 8b''').

Since the notch radius has a significant influence on the determined level of [[Toughness|toughness]] (see: [[Notch Sensitivity|Notch sensitivity]]), the geometry in the notch base should be checked regularly with a microscope for notch angle and radius. If the [[Notch Geometry|notch geometry]] is incorrect due to tool wear, the results of the toughness characterisation can be significantly distorted by multiple cracks or crack branching in the notch ground and a subsequent increase in energy consumption during the impact test.

Jungbluth pointed out in [15] that constant notch conditions must be maintained in order to achieve reproducible measurement results. The following procedure was suggested:

# Only metal blades with a symmetrical cutting geometry should be used for notch preparation to ensure straight penetration into the test specimen. The blades were selected after measurement under a light microscope.
# To avoid the influence of blade wear on the reproducibility of measurement results, the metal blade should be replaced after 165 notch indentations. With the aid of [[Scanning Electron Microscopy|scanning electron microscope]] images ('''Fig. 9'''), it was possible to prove that multiple reuse of metal blades did not lead to detectable damage.

[[file:Kerbeinbringung-9.JPG|500px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 9''':
|width="600px"|Scanning electron microscope image of a metal blade tip after a) single use and b) 150 uses (view)
|}

==See also==

* [[Notch]]
* [[Notch Sensitivity|Notch sensitivity]]
* [[Notch Geometry|Notch geometry]]
* [[Crack]]
* [[Crack Propagation|Crack propagation]]

'''References'''

{|
|-valign="top"
|[1]
|[[Grellmann, Wolfgang|Grellmann, W.]]: Impact Loading. In: [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [[Seidler, Sabine|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022), 3rd Edition, pp. 143–156 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; E-Book ISBN 978-1-56990-807-5) (see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under A 18)
|-valign="top"
|[2]
|ISO/DIS 179-1 (2025-05): Plastics – Determination of Charpy Impact Properties – Part 1: Non-instrumented Impact Test (Draft)
|-valign="top"
|[3]
|ISO 3167 (2014-08): Plastics – Multipurpose Test Specimen
|-valign="top"
|[4]
|ISO 180 (2023-06): Plastics – Determination of Izod Impact Strength
|-valign="top"
|[5]
|DIN 53435 (2024-10): Testing of Plastics – Bending Test and Impact Test on Dynstat Test Specimen
|-valign="top"
|[6]
|ISO 8256 (2023-11): Plastics – Determination of Tensile-impact Strength
|-valign="top"
|[7]
|ISO 179-2 (2020-05): Plastics – Determination of Charpy Impact Properties – Part 2: Instrumented Impact Test
|-valign="top"
|[8]
|ISO 6603-2 (2023-11): Plastics – Determination of Puncture Impact Behaviour of Rigid Plastics – Part 2: Instrumented Impact Testing
|-valign="top"
|[9]
|ISO 7765-2 (2025-05): Plastic Film and Sheeting – Determination of Impact Resistance by the Free-falling Dart Method – Part 2: Instrumented Puncture Test
|-valign="top"
|[10]
|[[Bierögel, Christian|Bierögel, C.]], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], Oluschinski, A.: Entwicklung eines Bruchmechanikarbeitsplatzes auf Basis des Pendelschlagwerks HIT 50P. (2009), (unpublished report)
|-valign="top"
|[11]
|Oluschinski, A.: WIN-IKBV-Mess- und Auswerteprogramm für den instrumentierten Kerbschlagbiegeversuch. [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_Service_Merseburg Polymer Service GmbH Merseburg] (2007)
|-valign="top"
|[12]
|Grellmann, W.: Fracture Toughness Measurements in Engineering Plastics. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022), 3rd Edition, pp. 247–303 (ISBN 978-3-446-44350-1) (see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under A 18)
|-valign="top"
|[13]
|[https://www.polymerservice-merseburg.de/fileadmin/inhalte/psm/veroeffentlichungen/MPK_IKBV_englisch.pdf MPK-Procedure MPK-ICIT] (2016-08): Testing of Plastics – Instrumented Charpy Impact Test (ICIT): Procedure for Determining the Crack Resistance Behaviour Using the Instrumented Impact Test
|-valign="top"
|[14]
|[https://www.polymerservice-merseburg.de/fileadmin/inhalte/psm/veroeffentlichungen/MPK_IKZV_englisch.pdf MPK-Procedure MPK-ITIT] (2014-07): Testing of Plastics Instrumented Tensile-impact Test (ITIT): Procedure for Determining the Crack Resistance Behaviour Using the Instrumented Tensile-impact Test
|-valign="top"
|[15]
|Jungbluth, H.: Untersuchungen zum Verformungs- und Bruchverhalten von PVCC-Werkstoffen. TH "Carl Shorlemmer" Leuna-Merseburg (1987) (see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under B 1-1) pp. 34/35 ([https://www.polymerservice-merseburg.de/fileadmin/inhalte/psm/veroeffentlichungen/Jungbluth_Untersuchungen_zum_Verformungs-_und_Bruchverhalten_von_PVCC-Werkstoffen.pdf Bibliografische Kurzfassung/Inhaltsverzeichnis/Inhaltsverzeichnis])
|}

[[category:Fracture Mechanics]]
[[category:Specimen Preparation]]