Oluschinski at 05:53, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T05:53:54Z

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	\|[[Grellmann,_Wolfgang\|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler,_Sabine\|Seidler, S.]] (~~Hrsg~~.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3. Edition, p. 570 – 573 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung \| AMK-Library]] under A 22)		\|[[Grellmann,_Wolfgang\|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler,_Sabine\|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3rd Edition, pp. 570 – 573 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung \| AMK-Library]] under A 22)
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	\|Campus® Datenbank: http://www.campusplastics.com (access: ~~09.04.~~2025)		\|Campus® Datenbank: http://www.campusplastics.com (access: November 24, 2025)
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	\|[5]		\|[5]
	\|Kotter, I., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.]: Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperature. In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], Seidler, S.: Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers. Landolt-Börnstein. Volume VIII/6A3, Springer ~~Verlag~~, Berlin (2014) S. 62–75 (ISBN 978-3-642-55165-9; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung \| AMK-Library]] under A 16)		\|Kotter, I., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.]: Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperature. In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], Seidler, S.: Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers. Landolt-Börnstein. Volume VIII/6A3, Springer, Berlin (2014) pp. 62–75 (ISBN 978-3-642-55165-9; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung \| AMK-Library]] under A 16)
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	[[Category:Thermoanalytical Methods]]		[[Category:Thermoanalytical Methods]]

Oluschinski: Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Wärmeformbeständigkeitstemperatur}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Heat distortion temperature HDT FORCETOC ==General== The objective of the heat distortion temperature HDT method is to quantitatively characterize the heat resistance of a plastic. For this purpose, the heat distortion temperature HDT is determined, which, for methodological reasons, does n..."

2025-12-02T08:46:34Z

Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Wärmeformbeständigkeitstemperatur}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Heat distortion temperature HDT __FORCETOC__ ==General== The objective of the heat distortion temperature HDT method is to quantitatively characterize the heat resistance of a plastic. For this purpose, the heat distortion temperature HDT is determined, which, for methodological reasons, does n..."

New page

{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Wärmeformbeständigkeitstemperatur}}
{{PSM_Infobox}}
Heat distortion temperature HDT
__FORCETOC__

==General==

The objective of the heat distortion temperature HDT method is to quantitatively characterize the [[Heat Resistance | heat resistance]] of a [[Plastics | plastic]]. For this purpose, the heat distortion temperature HDT is determined, which, for methodological reasons, does not have to be quantitatively the same as the heat distortion temperatures determined by other experimental methods, such as the [[Vicat Softening Temperature | Vicat softening temperature]] [1].

==Methodological principles of HDT testing==

Heat distortion temperature HDT testing is performed according to ISO 75-1 to 3 [2]. In this test (see Fig. 1), the [[Specimen | specimen]] is loaded according to the [[Bend Test | three-point bending principle]], whereby the bending moment is not constant over the loaded specimen length, but increases from the support points to the point of application of the individual load. In the case of plastics and hard rubber (for example Ebonite) according to ISO 75-2, the concentrated load is dimensioned so that a maximum bending stress of 1.80 MPa (method A), 0.45 MPa (method B) or 8.0 MPa (method C) is present in the test specimen. Heating is carried out at a heating rate of 2 K min-1, with air or silicone oil usually being used as the heat transfer medium.

[[file:Heat Distortion Temperature HDT.jpg|350px]]
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''':
|width="600px" |Measuring set-up for determining the heat distortion temperature HDT
|}

[[Thermoplastic Material | Thermoplastics]] can be tested in flatwise or edgewise arrangement. Different specimen geometries and arrangements are used for this purpose. For flatwise testing, test [[Specimen | specimens]] with dimensions of 80 x 10 x 4 mm3 are used. In this case, the [[Support Distance |support span]] is 64 mm. The edgewise test is performed with a [[Support Distance | support span]] of 100 mm using specimens of 120 mm length, 9.8 mm to 15 mm width and 3 to 4.2 mm thickness.

The total test force ''F'' to be applied can be calculated for the corresponding method according to the equation

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px" | <math>\sigma_f\,=\,\frac{3\cdot F\cdot l}{2\cdot b\cdot h^2}</math>
|}

mit
{|
|-
|<math>\sigma</math>f
|width="15px" |
|flexural strength at [[Bend Test | tree-point-bend test]]
|-
|''L''
|
|[[Support Distance | support span]]
|-
|''b''
|
|specimen with
|-
|''h''
|
|specimen thickness
|}

whereby the arrangement of the [[Specimen | test specimen]] on the support (flatwise or edgewise) must be taken into account in each case. To calculate the mass of additional weights to achieve the total test force, device-specific factors must be taken into account. The HDT value to be recorded is the temperature at which the test specimen reaches a standard deflection specified in tabular form in the standard. This standard deflection corresponds to a [[Bend Loading | peripheral fibre strain]] of 0.2 %.

==Examples of HDT temperatures==

{| border="1px" style="border-collapse:collapse"
|+ '''Table''': Heat distortion temperature HDT in °C for several unreinforced and reinforced [[Plastics | plastics]] and [[Thermosets|thermosets]] [3, 4]
!! style="width:200px; background:#DCDCDC" | Materials
!colspan="3" style="width:400px; background:#DCDCDC" | HDT (°C)
|-
|
|style="text-align:center" | A
|style="text-align:center" | B
|style="text-align:center" | C
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Thermoplastics unreinforced'''
|-
|PE-HD
|style="text-align:center" | 45
|
|
|-
|PP
|style="text-align:center" | 55
|style="text-align:center" | 85
|
|-
|POM
|style="text-align:center" | 100
|
|
|-
|PA 6
|style="text-align:center" | 70
|style="text-align:center" | 170
|style="text-align:center" | 65
|-
|PET
|style="text-align:center" | 70
|style="text-align:center" | 75
|
|-
|PBT
|style="text-align:center" | 60
|style="text-align:center" | 150
|
|-
|PEEK
|style="text-align:center" | 152
|
|
|-
|PC
|style="text-align:center" | 128
|style="text-align:center" | 136
|
|-
|PMMA
|style="text-align:center" | 95
|style="text-align:center" | 100
|
|-
|PS
|style="text-align:center" | 68
|style="text-align:center" | 80
|
|-
|SAN
|style="text-align:center" | 98
|style="text-align:center" | 103
|
|-
|ABS
|style="text-align:center" | 90
|style="text-align:center" | 93
|
|-
|PUR
|style="text-align:center" | 47
|style="text-align:center" | 86
|
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Thermoplastics reinforced'''
|-
|PET + 15 M.-% GF
|style="text-align:center" | 192
|style="text-align:center" | 231
|
|-
|PET + 30 M.-% GF
|style="text-align:center" | 210
|style="text-align:center" | 240
|
|-
|PET + 40 M.-% GF
|style="text-align:center" | 220
|style="text-align:center" | 242
|
|-
|PBT + 15 M.-% GF
|style="text-align:center" | 205
|style="text-align:center" | 220
|
|-
|PBT + 30 M.-% GF
|style="text-align:center" | 210
|style="text-align:center" | 220
|
|-
|PP + 20 M.-% Talcum
|style="text-align:center" | 70
|style="text-align:center" | 120
|
|-
|PP + 40 M.-% Talcum
|style="text-align:center" | 75
|style="text-align:center" | 125
|
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Thermosets'''
|-
|Phenolic resin
|style="text-align:center" | 165
|style="text-align:center" | 215
|style="text-align:center" | 145
|-
|Melamine resin
|style="text-align:center" | 160
|style="text-align:center" | 200
|style="text-align:center" | 125
|-
|UP resin (Standard type)
|style="text-align:center" | 55
|
|
|-
|Epoxy resin
|style="text-align:center" | 100
|
|
|}

The testing of high-strength [[Thermosets | thermoset]] laminates and long-fibre-reinforced plastics according to ISO 75-3 is performed exclusively flatwise with a [[Support Distance| support span]] ''s'' of 60 to 210 mm (''s'' = 30 x ''b''). The specimen length is derived from the support span with ''L'' ≥ ''s'' + 10 mm. The thickness is 2 to 7 mm and the specimen width 9.8 to 12.8 mm. In contrast to the [[Plastics | plastics]] and hard rubber, the load on the high-strength thermoset laminates and long-fibre-reinforced plastics is not fixed, but is one-tenth of the [[Flexural Strength | flexural strength]]. This makes it possible to apply the method to materials with a wide range of strength and flexural moduli. The test [[Specimens | specimens]] made of thermoset laminates or long-fibre-reinforced plastics are subjected to a bending stress corresponding to 10 % of a fixed or measured [[Flexural Strength | flexural strength]]. The HDT value shall be recorded as the temperature at which the specimen reaches a standard deflection calculated from the specimen height and corresponding to a [[Bend Loading | peripheral fibre strain]] of 0.1%.

A comprehensive literature analysis on heat distortion temperatures HDT for different plastics is given in [5].

==See also==

*[[Heat Resistance | Heat resistance]]
*[[Melt Mass-Flow Rate | Melt mass-flow rate]]
*[[Glowing Hot-Wire Test | Glowing hot wire test]]

'''References'''

{|
|-valign="top"
|[1]
|[[Grellmann,_Wolfgang|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler,_Sabine|Seidler, S.]] (Hrsg.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3. Edition, p. 570 – 573 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under A 22)
|- valign="top"
|[2]
|ISO 75: Plastics – Determination of Temperature of Deflection under Load
|-valign="top"
|
|Part 1 (2020-02): General Test Method
|-valign="top"
|
|Part 2 (2013-04): Plastics and Ebonite
|-valign="top"
|
|Part 3 (2025-05): High-strength Thermosetting Laminates and Long-fibre-reinforced Plastics (Draft)
|-valign="top"
|[3]
|Carlowitz, B.: Tabellarische Übersicht über die Prüfung von Kunststoffen. Giesel Verlag für Publizität, Isernhagen (1992), ISBN 978-3980294201 (see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under C 9)
|- valign="top"
|[4]
|Campus® Datenbank: http://www.campusplastics.com (access: 09.04.2025)
|- valign="top"
|[5]
|Kotter, I., [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.]: Vicat Softening Temperature and Heat Distortion Temperature. In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], Seidler, S.: Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers. Landolt-Börnstein. Volume VIII/6A3, Springer Verlag, Berlin (2014) S. 62–75 (ISBN 978-3-642-55165-9; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung | AMK-Library]] under A 16)
|}

[[Category:Thermoanalytical Methods]]

Heat Distortion Temperature HDT - Revision history

Oluschinski at 05:53, 15 December 2025