Abrasion Elastomers - Revision history

Oluschinski at 06:46, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T06:46:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 15 December 2025
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	The abrasion according to DIN 53516 (withdrawn) (see Eq. 1) is then determined by determining the loss of mass of the test specimen, taking into account the attack sharpness and nominal attack sharpness of the test abrasive sheet and with the aid of the [[Density \| density]].		The abrasion according to DIN 53516 (withdrawn) (see Eq. 1) is then determined by determining the loss of mass of the test specimen, taking into account the attack sharpness and nominal attack sharpness of the test abrasive sheet and with the aid of the [[Density \| density]].

	[[file:~~Abrieb_1~~.jpg\|500px]]<br>		[[file:Abrasion-1.jpg\|500px]]<br>
	{\|		{\|
	\|- valign="top"		\|- valign="top"

Oluschinski at 12:01, 28 November 2025

2025-11-28T12:01:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 28 November 2025
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	*Röthemeyer, F., Sommer, F.: Kautschuktechnologie. Carl Hanser Munich Vienna (2001), pp. 518–520 (ISBN 978-3-4461-6169-6)		*Röthemeyer, F., Sommer, F.: Kautschuktechnologie. Carl Hanser Munich Vienna (2001), pp. 518–520 (ISBN 978-3-4461-6169-6)
	*Scholz, K.-G.: Elastomere in tribologischen Systemen. Expert Verlag (2011) (ISBN 978-3-8169-2911-6)		*Scholz, K.-G.: Elastomere in tribologischen Systemen. Expert Verlag (2011) (ISBN 978-3-8169-2911-6)
	*[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Friedrich_(Werkstoffwissenschaftler) Friedrich, K.]: Friction and Wear. In: [[Grellmann,~~_Wolfgang (eng.)~~\|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler,~~_Sabine (eng.)~~\|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3rd Edition, pp. 198–214 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 22)		*[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Friedrich_(Werkstoffwissenschaftler) Friedrich, K.]: Friction and Wear. In: [[Grellmann, Wolfgang\|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler, Sabine\|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3rd Edition, pp. 198–214 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 22)
	*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Heinrich Heinrich, G.], Cäsar, T.: Crack initiation, wear and molecular structure of filled vulcanized materials: In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Seidler Seidler, S.]: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (2001) 479–492 (ISBN 3-540-41247-6; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 7)		*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Heinrich Heinrich, G.], Cäsar, T.: Crack initiation, wear and molecular structure of filled vulcanized materials: In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Seidler Seidler, S.]: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (2001) 479–492 (ISBN 3-540-41247-6; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 7)
	*DIN 53516 (1987-06): Testing of Rubber and Elastomers – Determination of Abrasion Resistance (withdrawn; replaced by DIN ISO 4649)		*DIN 53516 (1987-06): Testing of Rubber and Elastomers – Determination of Abrasion Resistance (withdrawn; replaced by DIN ISO 4649)
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	*ASTM D 2228 (2004; reapproved 2019): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Relative Abrasion Resistance by the Pico Abrader Method		*ASTM D 2228 (2004; reapproved 2019): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Relative Abrasion Resistance by the Pico Abrader Method
	*ASTM D 5963 (2022): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)		*ASTM D 5963 (2022): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)
	*[[Reincke,~~_Katrin (eng.)~~\|Reincke, K.]], Grellmann, W., Ilisch, S., Thiele, S., Ferner, U.: Structure – Properties Correlations of SSBR/BR Blends. In: Grellmann, W., Langer, B.: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science 247, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2017) pp. 398–408 (ISBN 978-3-319-41879-7, see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 19)		*[[Reincke, Katrin\|Reincke, K.]], Grellmann, W., Ilisch, S., Thiele, S., Ferner, U.: Structure – Properties Correlations of SSBR/BR Blends. In: Grellmann, W., Langer, B.: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science 247, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2017) pp. 398–408 (ISBN 978-3-319-41879-7, see [[AMK-Büchersammlung\|AMK-Library]] under A 19)

	[[category:Elastomers]]		[[category:Elastomers]]
	[[category: Surface Testing Technology]]		[[category: Surface Testing Technology]]

Oluschinski: Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Abrieb Elastomere}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Abrasion elastomers FORCETOC ==General== Abrasion is the loss of material on the surface of test specimens or components due to abrasive mechanical stress, which occurs when surfaces act on each other. The wear behaviour of elastomers is influenced n..."

2025-09-19T12:09:49Z

Created page with "{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Abrieb Elastomere}} {{PSM_Infobox}} Abrasion elastomers __FORCETOC__ ==General== Abrasion is the loss of material on the surface of test specimens or components due to abrasive mechanical stress, which occurs when surfaces act on each other. The wear behaviour of elastomers is influenced n..."

New page

{{Language_sel|LANG=ger|ARTIKEL=Abrieb Elastomere}}
{{PSM_Infobox}}
Abrasion elastomers
__FORCETOC__
==General==

Abrasion is the loss of material on the [[Surface|surface]] of test [[Specimen|specimens]] or [[Fracture Behaviour of Plastics Components|components]] due to abrasive mechanical [[Stress|stress]], which occurs when surfaces act on each other. The wear behaviour of [[Elastomers|elastomers]] is influenced not only by the molecular structure of the elastomer but also by the composition of the compound and the type of [[Stress | stress]]. The chemical composition of the elastomer also determines the [[Glass Transition Tomperature|glass transition temperature]] ''T''g and the hysteresis properties, i.e. the [[Viscoelastic Material Behaviour|viscoelastic properties]]. Elastomers or rubber compounds with low ''T''g, combined with low hysteresis, tend to have lower abrasion resistance. Fillers, additives and the type of crosslinking also influence abrasion behaviour. For example, active fillers such as carbon black and silica reduce abrasion. The type of load on the elastomer component, the temperature and the condition of the contact surface also play a significant role in evaluating the wear properties. If the component is subjected to the impact of sharp-edged particles, as occurs when conveying granules, blasting material or bulk material (see also: [[Bulk Density|density]]), the wear behaviour differs significantly from that resulting from dynamic loading, such as a tire.

==Borderline cases of wear==

Since wear occurs as a result of frictional contact between two friction partners, the wear behaviour of [[Elastomers|elastomers]] depends not only on the material properties, but also on the interactions that occur and the magnitudes of the stress collective. Friction and wear are therefore system properties and not purely material properties.

Four limiting cases are defined for the wear of elastomers:

*Abrasive wear (wear caused by flowing sharp particles, e.g. on a carrier belt or tire on a rough road or "full braking"),
*Adhesive wear (wear caused by rubbing or sliding pushing particles, e.g. tires on a flat road),
*Deformational wear (wear due to [[Fatigue|fatigue]], as a result of [[Shear Modulus|shear]], [[Compression Test|compression]], [[Tensile Test|tension]], [[Bend Test|bending]]),
*Tribochemical wear (degradation due to frictional heat).

In practice, several mechanisms are usually involved in the wear process at the same time, but in different proportions. Both the processes that occur in a material during abrasive stress and the quantitative characterization of the abrasion properties are to be regarded as very complex. Thus, abrasion as a deformation-mechanical process is associated with [[Crack Resistance Curve – Experimental Methods| crack resistance]], [[Crack Propagation | crack growth]] and [[Fatigue | fatigue]]. Elastomers primarily exhibit the mechanisms of abrasion and fatigue wear.

==Method of DIN abrasion==

The characterization of the abrasion properties of [[Elastomers|elastomers]] can be carried out with the aid of a wide variety of different test methods. The simplest method for determining abrasive wear is the so-called DIN abrasion according to DIN 53516 (withdrawn) or DIN ISO 4649. According to DIN ISO 4649, the method for determining abrasion is divided into two procedures. Method A works with non-rotating test specimens and in method B the abrasion is determined on rotating test specimens. According to DIN 53516 (withdrawn), only stationary test specimens are used. The procedure, the specimen geometry and the determination of the abrasion are the same for both standards. The test specimen made of the elastomer to be tested is guided under a constant contact force and at a constant [[Velocity | velocity]] (40 min-1) over a fixed friction distance (40 m) over a test emery board located on a rotating cylinder ('''Fig. 1''').

==Characterization of abrasion with parameters==

The abrasion according to DIN 53516 (withdrawn) (see Eq. 1) is then determined by determining the loss of mass of the test specimen, taking into account the attack sharpness and nominal attack sharpness of the test abrasive sheet and with the aid of the [[Density | density]].

[[file:Abrieb_1.jpg|500px]] 
{|
|- valign="top"
|width="50px"|'''Fig. 1''':
|width="700px" |Abrader type [https://www.zwick.de/ Zwick] 6103 for tests according to ISO 4549 or ASTM D 5963
|}

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px"|<math>A=\frac{\Delta m\cdot S_{0}}{\rho \cdot S}</math>
|(1)
|}

with:

{|
|-
|width="60px"|A
|Abrasion in mm3
|-
|width="60px"|<math>\Delta</math>m
|Mass loss in mg
|-
|width="60px"|''ϱ''
|[[Density]] in g cm-3
|-
|width="60px"|''S''0
|Target impact sharpness (200 mg)
|-
|width="60px"|''S''
|Sharpness of impact in mg
|}

According to DIN ISO 4649, the relative volume loss (see Eq. 2) and the abrasion resistance (see Eq. 3) are determined as follows:

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px"|<math>\Delta V_{rel}=\frac{\Delta m_{t}\cdot \Delta m_{const}}{\rho_{t} \cdot \Delta m_{r}}</math>
|(2)
|}

with:

{|
|-
|width="60px"|Δ''m''t
|Mass loss of the tested [[Elastomers|elastomer]] in mg
|-
|width="60px"|Δ''m''const
|Defined mass loss of the reference elastomer in mg
|-
|width="60px"|''ϱ''t
|Density of the tested elastomer in mg/mm3
|-
|width="60px"|Δ''m''r
|Mass loss of the reference elastomer in mg
|}

and:

{|
|-
|width="20px"|
|width="500px"|<math>I_{AR}=\frac{\Delta m_{r} \cdot \rho_{t}}{\Delta m_{t} \cdot \rho_{r}}</math>
|(3)
|}

with:

{|
|-
|width="60px"|Δ''m''t
|Mass loss of the tested elastomer in mg
|-
|width="60px"|Δ''m''r
|Mass loss of the reference elastomer in mg
|-
|width="60px"|''ϱ''t
|Density of the tested elastomer in mg/mm3
|-
|width="60px"|''ϱ''r
|Density of the reference elastomer in mg/mm3
|}

The methods for determining abrasion can be subdivided as follows:
*Simple indentation methods with hard bodies (e.g. pico-abrasion according to ASTM D 2228)
*Simulation methods of practical application with the closest possible approximation to real conditions (e.g. DIN abrasion, LAT 100 (according to Grosch), Akron Abrader)
*Test equipment that reflects the variation of load, [[Velocity|speed]] and temperature (e.g. LAT 100 (according to Grosch), Akron Abrader, flat track tire test rig (Fa. iABG), drum test rig)
*Testing under real conditions (e.g. tire test)

In order to evaluate the wear properties of tread compounds, the DIN abrasion test is the preferred method in the tire industry, since sample preparation and test performance are simple and the time required is low compared to methods under real conditions.

==See also==

*[[Ageing Elastomers | Ageing elastomers]]
*[[Surface Testing Technology|Surface testing technology]]
*[[Scratch Resistance|Scratch resistance]]
*[[SHORE Hardness – Material Development Elastomers|SHORE Hardness – Material development elastomers]]

'''References'''

*Röthemeyer, F., Sommer, F.: Kautschuktechnologie. Carl Hanser Munich Vienna (2001), pp. 518–520 (ISBN 978-3-4461-6169-6)
*Scholz, K.-G.: Elastomere in tribologischen Systemen. Expert Verlag (2011) (ISBN 978-3-8169-2911-6)
*[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Friedrich_(Werkstoffwissenschaftler) Friedrich, K.]: Friction and Wear. In: [[Grellmann,_Wolfgang (eng.)|Grellmann, W.]], [[Seidler,_Sabine (eng.)|Seidler, S.]] (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Munich (2022) 3rd Edition, pp. 198–214 (ISBN 978-1-56990-806-8; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under A 22)
*[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wolfgang-Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Heinrich Heinrich, G.], Cäsar, T.: Crack initiation, wear and molecular structure of filled vulcanized materials: In: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Grellmann Grellmann, W.], [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Seidler Seidler, S.]: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymers. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (2001) 479–492 (ISBN 3-540-41247-6; see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under A 7)
*DIN 53516 (1987-06): Testing of Rubber and Elastomers – Determination of Abrasion Resistance (withdrawn; replaced by DIN ISO 4649)
*DIN ISO 4649 (2021-06): Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastics – Determination Abrasion Resistance Using a Rotating Cylindrical Drum Device (ISO 4649:2017-09)
*ASTM D 2228 (2004; reapproved 2019): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Relative Abrasion Resistance by the Pico Abrader Method
*ASTM D 5963 (2022): Standard Test of Rubber Property – Abrasion Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)
*[[Reincke,_Katrin (eng.)|Reincke, K.]], Grellmann, W., Ilisch, S., Thiele, S., Ferner, U.: Structure – Properties Correlations of SSBR/BR Blends. In: Grellmann, W., Langer, B.: Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Polymer Materials. Springer Series in Materials Science 247, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2017) pp. 398–408 (ISBN 978-3-319-41879-7, see [[AMK-Büchersammlung|AMK-Library]] under A 19)

[[category:Elastomers]]
[[category: Surface Testing Technology]]